Which philosophical belief is closely associated with American transcendentalist writers?

The belief that individual intuition is essential for knowledge is a cornerstone of American transcendentalism, which emphasizes the importance of personal insight and self-reliance. Transcendentalist writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau advocated for the idea that understanding and knowledge come from within the individual rather than through external authority or institutions. This perspective encourages individuals to trust their inner experiences and instincts, suggesting that true understanding arises from personal reflection and an innate connection to nature and the universe.

In contrast, material wealth as a key to happiness, the idea that emotional expression should be restrained, and the notion that traditional beliefs are superior to new ideas do not align with the transcendentalist emphasis on the inner self and intuition. Instead, transcendentalists often critique societal norms that prioritize materialism, advocate for emotional authenticity, and embrace innovation and individual thought over adherence to traditional doctrines. Therefore, the first choice captures the essence of transcendentalist philosophy more accurately than the others.